Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a rare viral disease that shares similarities with smallpox. Although it primarily affects regions in Central and West Africa, the virus has been reported in other parts of the world, especially during the 2022-2023 outbreak. Mpox is caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the smallpox virus. The disease is characterized by flu-like symptoms and a distinctive rash that can take weeks to heal. While there is no specific treatment for mpox, the condition often resolves on its own.
Contents
- Symptoms and Causes
- Diagnosis and Tests
- Management and Treatment
- Prevention
- Outlook / Prognosis
- Living With Mpox
- Additional Common Questions
Symptoms and Causes
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Mpox?
Mpox symptoms typically appear 3 to 17 days after exposure, with the illness lasting 2 to 4 weeks. Early symptoms often mimic those of the flu and may include:
- Fever
- Chills
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Fatigue
- Swollen lymph nodes
Within a few days of developing a fever, a characteristic rash begins to form. This rash usually starts as flat, red spots that gradually evolve into raised blisters filled with pus. These blisters eventually scab over and fall off, leaving the skin to heal. The rash can appear on various parts of the body, including the face, hands, feet, and in some cases, the genital area, mouth, or throat.
How Does Mpox Spread?
Mpox can spread through close contact with an infected person or animal. Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with the rash, scabs, or body fluids of an infected person, or through prolonged exposure to respiratory droplets during close interactions, such as kissing or sexual contact. The virus can also spread by handling contaminated materials like clothing or bedding.
Animal-to-human transmission happens when a person comes into contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or lesions of an infected animal, such as rodents or nonhuman primates. Bites, scratches, or direct contact with infected animals can also transmit the virus.
Diagnosis and Tests
How Is Mpox Diagnosed?
Due to its rarity, mpox might initially be mistaken for other rash-causing illnesses like chickenpox or measles. However, swollen lymph nodes are a distinctive feature of mpox. Diagnosis typically involves a healthcare provider taking a tissue sample from a lesion, which is then tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the virus. Blood tests may also be conducted to detect the presence of the virus or antibodies.
Management and Treatment
Is Mpox Curable?
While there is no specific cure for mpox, the disease is generally self-limiting, meaning it resolves on its own without treatment. Symptomatic care is the primary approach, focusing on relieving pain, preventing dehydration, and treating any secondary bacterial infections that may arise. In severe cases, antiviral drugs like cidofovir or tecovirimat may be prescribed, though their effectiveness in treating mpox is still under study.
Prevention
How Can You Prevent Mpox?
Preventing mpox involves minimizing exposure to the virus. This can be done by avoiding close contact with infected individuals or animals, practicing good hygiene, and using protective measures like masks and gloves when necessary.
Vaccination is another critical preventive measure. Vaccines developed for smallpox, such as ACAM2000 and Jynneos, have shown to be effective against mpox. Vaccination is recommended for those who have been exposed to the virus or are at higher risk of exposure due to their occupation or lifestyle.
Additional Preventive Measures:
- Avoiding contact with materials that may be contaminated with the virus.
- Cooking animal products thoroughly.
- Washing hands regularly with soap and water or using hand sanitizer when soap is unavailable.
- Practicing safe sex by using condoms and dental dams.
Outlook / Prognosis
How Long Does Mpox Last?
The duration of mpox typically ranges from 2 to 4 weeks. During this period, individuals with mpox should isolate themselves to prevent spreading the virus to others.
Is Mpox Fatal?
Mpox is rarely fatal. However, complications can occur, including severe scarring, blindness, and secondary infections. The Clade IIb strain responsible for the 2022-2023 outbreak is associated with milder symptoms and a lower fatality rate.
Mpox may be rare, but its impact can be severe—knowing how to protect yourself could make all the difference.
Living With Mpox
How to Manage Mpox Symptoms
If you suspect you have mpox, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider. Over-the-counter medications can help alleviate symptoms, such as fever reducers and pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Oatmeal baths may soothe itchy skin rashes.
Self-care practices include isolating yourself, covering sores with gauze, staying hydrated, and resting. It’s also important to avoid contact with pets, particularly rodents, which can carry the virus.
Additional Common Questions
Why Was the Name Changed to Mpox?
The name “monkeypox” was changed to “mpox” by the World Health Organization (WHO) in November 2022 to reduce stigmas associated with the disease.
Mpox vs. Chickenpox
Although both mpox and chickenpox cause rashes, they are caused by different viruses. Mpox is caused by an orthopoxvirus, while chickenpox is caused by a herpesvirus. Mpox typically involves swollen lymph nodes and a rash that develops in stages, whereas chickenpox is more contagious and its rash appears in waves.
Mpox vs. Smallpox
Both mpox and smallpox are part of the Orthopoxvirus genus, but they are caused by different viruses. Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 through vaccination, while mpox still occurs, albeit less frequently. Mpox symptoms are generally milder than those of smallpox.
A Final Note
Mpox remains a rare disease, with the risk of transmission primarily occurring through close contact. Protecting yourself involves vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding contact with infected individuals. If you develop symptoms such as fever, rash, or swollen lymph nodes, seek medical advice promptly.
